标准化降水指数与广义极值分布干旱指数在西北地区应用的对比分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王芝兰  王劲松  李耀辉  王澄海 《高原气象》2013,32(3)

从气象干旱的角度出发,对比分析了基于广义极值分布理论构建的新干旱指数GEVI(Generalized Extreme Value Index)和我国广泛应用的SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index)指数,详细讨论了SPI和GEVI指数在西北地区干旱监测中的适用性.结果表明,SPI和GEVI指数在计算原理上具有相似性,在一定程度上衡量某一地区干旱程度和反映干旱范围方面具有一致性和可替代性.但因两者采取不同的分布形态,对干旱等级的衡量效果不尽相同.GEVI指数在拟合降水量分布函数时更为详尽、客观.在西北5省(区)的干旱监测中,对地处干旱半干旱区的甘肃来说,GEVI指数在于旱强度判定方面优于SPI指数;对年降水量最少的新疆地区来说,GEVI指数比SPI指数在干旱监测方面更为适用.  相似文献   

广义非线性动态最小二乘问题的一个直接解算方法   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

陶华学  郭金运 《测绘科学》2005,30(2):13-15

构建“数字地球”、“数字国家”等数字化科学工程的基础是数据[1 ] ,其数据具有多源、多维、多种类型、多种时态、多种精度并具有非线性特征等特点[2 ] ,首先要进行数据处理并应采用全新的广义非线性动态最小二乘法[3] [4] ,数据处理方法的核心是广义非线性动态最小二乘问题参数估计的函数模型及其解算方法 ,迄今国内外对这方面的研究尚不多。本文在作者前期研究、提出的广义非线性动态最小二乘函数模型参数估计迭代法求解[5] 的基础上 ,进一步研究、提出了一种广义非线性动态最小二乘模型参数估计的直接解算方法 ,将问题分离 ,把待求参数减半 ,直接求解。从而大大降低求解问题的维数 ,大大减少计算难度和计算工作量 ,这是国内外首次研究提出的一种比迭代法更快速、更有效、更科学的解算方法。为多源、多类、多时态数据处理开辟了一新途径 ,也大大扩大了广义非线性动态最小二乘法的应用面  相似文献   

Analysis of kinematic parameters of Internal Solitary Waves in the Northern South China Sea     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

The monthly climatology of observed temperature and salinity from the U.S. Navy Generalized Digital Environment Model (GDEM-Version 3.0) is used to derive the geographical and seasonal distribution of kinematic parameters of nonlinear internal waves in the Northern South China Sea (NSCS). Coefficients of the Generalized Extended Korteweg-de Vries Equation (GEKdV) with a background current are investigated (phase speed, dispersion, quadratic and cubic nonlinearity parameters, normalizing factor). These parameters are used to evaluate the possible polarities, shapes of internal solitary waves, their limiting amplitudes and propagation speed. We show that the long wave phase speed and dispersion parameters mainly depend on topography characteristics and have no obvious seasonal variation. The nonlinear parameters and normalizing factor are sensitive to variations in the density stratification and topography. Background current also exerts the distinct effects on the kinematic parameters; especially the nonlinear parameter can change by an order of magnitude. The nonlinear parameters take on larger values in the summer (July), and linear internal waves are prone to become steeper and develop into large-amplitude internal solitary waves under such circumstances. This explains why nonlinear internal solitary waves occur more frequently in summer. From the kinematic viewpoint, the dispersion parameter takes on larger values in the Pacific Ocean (PO) due to deeper water depth when compared with that in the NSCS. The stronger dispersion effect in the PO hinders the formation of large amplitude internal solitary waves, explaining why nonlinear internal solitary waves are rarely found to the east of the Luzon Strait. Large near-bottom velocities dominate the shallow area and tend to increase in the warm season. The largest values are induced by internal solitary waves, indicating that internal waves are the major drivers of sediment re-suspension and erosion processes.  相似文献   

Numerical assessment of liquefaction mitigation effects on residential houses: Case histories of the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-offshore earthquake     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2013

In this study, the effectiveness of liquefaction countermeasures for residential houses was explored using a fully coupled dynamic effective-stress finite element procedure. Numerical analyses were conducted on two wooden houses that were damaged to different degrees due to dune liquefaction during the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-offshore earthquake. House A, which was only improved by horizontal drainage pipes to lower the ground water level, was completely destroyed; however, house B, which was improved by a horizontal drainage system, soil–cement mixtures, and steel-pipe piles, was slightly deformed. Numerical results show that the effects of the sand dune slope on the damage to the two houses were somewhat different. For house B, it was found that the steel-pipe piles were more effective. Two countermeasures generally led to a greater degree of reduction in both lateral and vertical displacements of house B than only a single countermeasure employed. In addition, the combined implementation of steel-pipe piles and soil–cement mixtures was the most effective among the cases with two countermeasures.  相似文献   

A novel method for discovering spatio-temporal clusters of different sizes,shapes, and densities in the presence of noise     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(2):138-157

The discovery of spatio-temporal clusters in complex spatio-temporal data-sets has been a challenging issue in the domain of spatio-temporal data mining and knowledge discovery. In this paper, a novel spatio-temporal clustering method based on spatio-temporal shared nearest neighbors (STSNN) is proposed to detect spatio-temporal clusters of different sizes, shapes, and densities in spatio-temporal databases with a large amount of noise. The concepts of windowed distance and shared nearest neighbor are utilized to define a novel spatio-temporal density for a spatio-temporal entity with definite mathematical meanings. Then, the density-based clustering strategy is employed to uncover spatio-temporal clusters. The spatio-temporal clustering algorithm developed in this paper is easily implemented and less sensitive to density variation among spatio-temporal entities. Experiments are undertaken on several simulated data-sets to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the STSNN algorithm. Also, the real-world applications on two seismic databases show that the STSNN algorithm has the ability to uncover foreshocks and aftershocks effectively.  相似文献   

GIS中线元位置不确定性的随机过程模型   总被引：17，自引：7，他引：17  

史文中  刘文宝 《测绘学报》1998,27(1):37-44

本文基于随机过程理论导出了随机线元的分布函数和分布密度表达式,定义子不确定性信息矩阵,引入了广义误差带概念,进而从理论上概括和统一了前人提出了的ε－带和ｅ－带模型。  相似文献   

大型工程气候可行性论证中的空间分析方法与应用     

黄世成  程婷  陈兵  周嘉陵 《辽宁气象》2012,(4):90-95

当前大型工程项目的气候可行性论证需要更加精细的评估结论,以满足工程规划、设计和运营等气象防灾减灾的需要。利用1∶25万基础地理信息资料和气象部门在沿湖、沿江、沿海和内陆地区多个大型桥梁工程、核电工程、风电工程等大型工程项目气候可行性论证工作中积累的工程短期气象观测资料和邻近气象站同期同步观测资料、历史气候资料,探讨大型工程气候可行性论证的工程区气候要素极值计算方法和有效的空间插值计算方案,初步建立了基于空间信息分析方法的工程气候可行性论证和系统流程。实际应用表明：采用空间趋势面分析和空间相关分析、空间回归等分析手段的工程气候论证,考虑了项目周边地区气象要素的空间相关性和地形下垫面状况等地理信息,并且具有比常规论证手段更高的计算分辨率,在结合广义极值分析方法后,可以满足大型工程对气象评价的精细化需求。  相似文献   

四川盆地短历时强降水极值分布的研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

司波  余锦华  丁裕国 《气象科学》2012,32(4):403-410

运用广义帕雷托分布(GPD)和广义极值分布(GEV),借助于L-矩的参数估计方法,对四川盆地12站的小时极端降水量进行拟合,并对两种模型的拟合效果进行比较。运用Hill图,结合统计量D*来确定GPD的最佳门限值是合适的,选出的样本是独立的。各站的小时极端降水概率分布均符合GPD和GEV,但GPD模型的拟合精度要优于GEV模型。利用两种模型推算出各站给定重现期的最大小时降水量,其中泸州50 a一遇和100 a一遇的降水极值分位数都超过了100 mm,除了遂宁站外,两种模型估计出的极值分位数的相对误差基本都在10%以下。通过分析,GPD推算的结果更加可靠。  相似文献   

A newly-discovered GPD-GEV relationship together with comparing their models of extreme precipitation in summer   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

丁裕国  程炳岩  江志红 《大气科学进展》2008,25(3):507-516

It has been theoretically proven that at a high threshold an approximate expression for a quantile of GEV （Generalized Extreme Values） distribution can be derived from GPD （Generalized Pareto Distribution）. Afterwards, a quantile of extreme rainfall events in a certain return period is found using L-moment estimation and extreme rainfall events simulated by GPD and GEV, with all aspects of their results compared. Numerical simulations show that POT （Peaks Over Threshold）-based GPD is advantageous in its simple operation and subjected to practically no effect of the sample size of the primitive series, producing steady high-precision fittings in the whole field of values （including the high-end heavy tailed）. In comparison, BM （Block Maximum）-based GEV is limited, to some extent, to the probability and quantile simulation, thereby showing that GPD is an extension of GEV, the former being of greater utility and higher significance to climate research compared to the latter.  相似文献   

基于边缘图与边缘方向的遥感图像检索     

胡冬芽  任保刚 《测绘科学》2012,37(5):187-189

本文在系统介绍遥感图像检索中边缘特征描述方法的基础上,将边缘特征归纳为边缘图和边缘方向两类特征。通过对遥感目标图像库和纹理图像库上所做实验的分析,揭示了不同算法的特性,并指出综合两类特征可进一步提高算法的检索性能。  相似文献